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1.
Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol ; 43(4): 442-447, 2022 04.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-2185199

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the relative risk (RR) of developing methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) or vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) colonization or infection within 30 days of ambulance transport. METHODS: We performed a retrospective cohort study of patients with a principal diagnosis of chest pain presenting to our emergency department (ED) over a 4-year period. Patients were included if they presented from and were discharged to nonhealthcare locations without being admitted. Encounters were stratified by arrival mechanism: ambulance versus private vehicle. We performed propensity score matching and multivariable logistic regression to estimate the RR for the primary outcome. RESULTS: In total, 321,229 patients had ED encounters during the study period. After applying inclusion criteria and propensity score matching, there were 11,324 patients: 3,903 in the ambulance group and 7,421 in the unexposed group. Among them, 12 patients (0.11%) had the outcome of interest, including 9 (0.08%) with MRSA and 3 (0.03%) with VRE. The 30-day prevalence of MRSA or VRE was larger in the ambulance group than in the unexposed group: 8 (0.20%) and 4 (0.05%), respectively (P = .02). Patients who presented to the ED via ambulance were almost 4 times more likely to have MRSA or VRE within 30 days of their encounter (RR, 3.72; 95% CI, 1.09-12.71; P = .04). CONCLUSIONS: Our cohort study is the first to demonstrate an association between ambulance exposure and pathogen incidence, representing the first step in evaluating medical-transport-associated infection burden to eventually develop interventions to address it.


Subject(s)
Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections , Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus , Staphylococcal Infections , Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci , Ambulances , Cohort Studies , Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections/epidemiology , Humans , Propensity Score , Retrospective Studies , Staphylococcal Infections/epidemiology , Vancomycin , Vancomycin Resistance
2.
Microb Drug Resist ; 28(1): 73-80, 2022 Jan.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-1412461

ABSTRACT

Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREfm) is a globally significant nosocomial pathogen with a rapidly increasing prevalence. The objectives were to investigate VREfm outbreak duration and study the additional impact that infection control bundle strategies (ICBSs) set up to curb coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) spreading had on VREfm outbreaks. Outbreak data set were collected prospectively from April 2, 2014 to August 13, 2020 at Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg, Denmark. All VREfm samples had polymerase chain reaction performed for vanA/vanB genes before whole genome sequencing using the Illumina MiSeq platform. The relatedness of isolates was studied by core genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST) using Ridom SeqSphere. Eighty-one outbreaks had a median outbreak duration of 32.5 days (range 5-204 days) and 1,161 VREfm isolates were sequenced. The same cgMLST cluster types reappeared after outbreaks were terminated. When comparing the first 5 months of the COVID-19 pandemic with the corresponding period in 2019, we found a 10-fold decrease in VREfm outbreak patients and median outbreak duration decreased from 56 to 7 days (88%). Several COVID-19 ICBSs were implemented from March 13 through summer 2020. VREfm outbreaks lasted up to 204 days, but our findings suggest that outbreaks might last longer since the same cgMLST persisted in the same wards for years implying an endemic situation with recurrent outbreaks caused by hospital reservoirs or readmittance of unknown VREfm carriers. The sharp decline in VREfm outbreaks during the COVID-19 pandemic was most likely due to the ICBSs, resulting in a decrease in VREfm transmission.


Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Enterococcus faecium/genetics , Pandemics , Quarantine , Streptococcal Infections/epidemiology , Vancomycin Resistance/genetics , Aged , Carrier State/microbiology , Denmark/epidemiology , Enterococcus faecium/drug effects , Female , Hospitalization , Humans , Male , Streptococcal Infections/microbiology , Whole Genome Sequencing
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